Iontophoresis

Iontophoresis has been used for decades and uses direct current through electrodes to deliver medication to subcutaneous tissue.  Early systems were combined with galvanic stimulators and the lower amplitudes were used for iontophoresis.  Typical maximum amplitudes used for iontophoresis are about 5 mA. 

                       
                                    Example of Iontophoresis Stimulation Pattern

TYPES OF WAVEFORMS
            Monophasic
            Direct

CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Electrodes have been designed that can contain the drug used for treatment to make the administration easier.  Design elements include an output current ammeter and an electrode contact alarm, which is used to make sure the transfer of medication is consistent.